Sternorrhyncha

The Sternorrhyncha[1][2][3] suborder of the Hemiptera contains the aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects, groups which were traditionally included in the now-obsolete order "Homoptera". "Sternorrhyncha" refers to the rearward position of the mouthparts relative to the head.

Sternorrhyncha
Temporal range:
An aphid.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Superfamilies

Aleyrodoidea
Aphidoidea
Coccoidea
Phylloxeroidea
Psylloidea
†Dinglidae

Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders (phytophagous), and many are major crop and ornamental pests.

Many exhibit modified morphology and/or life cycles, including phenomena such as flightless morphs, parthenogenesis, sexual dimorphism, and eusociality.

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the extant Sternorrhyncha, inferred from analysis of small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA, is shown in the cladogram.[4]

Sternorrhyncha
 

Psylloidea (jumping plant lice, etc.)

 
 
 

Aleyrodoidea (whiteflies)

 
 
 

Coccoidea (scale insects)

 
Aphidomorpha
 

Phylloxeroidea (phylloxera bugs)

 
 

Aphididae (aphids)

 
 
 
 
 

The evolutionary position of several fossil taxa are unclear. A suggested phylogeny is:[5][6]

 
†Pincombeomorpha
 

Boreoscytidae

 
 

Pincombeidae

 
 

Simulaphididae

 
 
 
 
 

Coccidomorpha

 
 
†Naibiomorpha
 

Dracaphididae

 
 

Naibiidae

 
 

Sinojuraphididae

 
 
 

Aphidomorpha

 
 
 
 
 

†Protopsyllidioidea

 
 
 
 

†Dinglomorpha

 
 

Aleyrodomorpha

 
 
 
 

†Liadopsyllidae

 
 

Psylloidea

 
 
 
 
 
 

Groups

Well-known groups in the Sternorrhyncha include:

References
  1. "ITIS standard report - Sternorrhyncha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  2. Grimaldi & Engel (2005) Evolution of the Insects 289-303.
  3. Paraneoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0)
  4. "Phylogeny of Insects". What-When-How. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  5. Drohojowska, Jowita; Szwedo, Jacek; Żyła, Dagmara; Huang, Di-Ying; Müller, Patrick (2020). "Fossils reshape the Sternorrhyncha evolutionary tree (Insecta, Hemiptera)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11390. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68220-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7347605. PMID 32647332.
  6. Szwedo, Jacek (2016). "The unity, diversity and conformity of bugs (Hemiptera) through time". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 109–128. doi:10.1017/S175569101700038X. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 134243346.
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