Okinawan scripts

Okinawan, spoken in Okinawa Island, was once the official language of the Ryukyu Kingdom. At the time, documents were written in kanji and hiragana, derived from Japan.

An example of traditional Okinawan writing circa 1471

Although generally agreed among linguists to be a distinct language, most Japanese, as well as most Okinawans, tend to think of Okinawan as merely a regional dialect of Japanese, even though it is not intelligible to monolingual Japanese speakers.[1] Modern Okinawan is not written frequently. When it is, the Japanese writing system is generally used in an ad hoc manner. There is no standard orthography for the modern language. Nonetheless, there are a few systems used by scholars and laypeople alike. None of them are widely used by native speakers, but represent the language with less ambiguity than the ad hoc conventions. The Roman alphabet in some form or another is used in some publications, especially those of an academic nature.

Systems

Conventional usages

The modern conventional ad hoc spellings found in Okinawa.

Council system

The system devised by the Council for the Dissemination of Okinawan Dialect (沖縄方言普及協議会).

University of the Ryukyus system

This system was devised by Okinawa Center of Language Study, a section of University of the Ryukyus. Unlike others, this method is intended purely as a phonetic guidance, and basically only uses katakana. For the sake of an easier comparison, corresponding hiragana are used in this article.

New Okinawan letters

新沖縄文字 (Shin Okinawa-moji), devised by Yoshiaki Funazu (船津好明, Funazu Yoshiaki), in his textbook Utsukushii Okinawa no Hōgen (美しい沖縄の方言; "The beautiful Okinawan Dialect"; ISBN 4-905784-19-0). The rule applies to hiragana only. Katakana is used as in Japanese; just like in the conventional usage of Okinawan.

Basic syllables and kai-yōon (palatalized syllables)

iueoyayuyo
(Initial) 1[i]
[ji]
[u]
[wu]
[e]
[je]
[o]
[wo]
[ja][ju][jo]
(Elsewhere)(Not used) 2
Conventionalいう
をぅ
え
いぇ
お
を
うぉ
やゆよ
Councilゆぃをぅゆぇを
Ryukyu Univ.ゐえ
New Okinawanい゙え゙
''a
a
'i
i
'u
u
'e
e
'o
o
'ya'yu'yo
(Initial) 1[ʔa][ʔi][ʔu][ʔe][ʔo][ʔja][ʔju][ʔjo]
(Elsewhere)[a][i]
[ji]
[u]
[wu]
[e]
[je]
[o]
[wo]
Conventionalあいうえ
いぇ
お
うぉ
やゆよ
Councilえおっやっゆっよ
Ryukyu Univ.いぇいゃいゅいょ
New Okinawanえ
kkakikukekokya
[ka][ki][ku][ke][ko][kja]
かきくけこきゃ
ggagigugegogya
[ɡa][ɡi][ɡu][ɡe][ɡo][ɡja]
がぎぐげごぎゃ
ssashi
si
sushe
se
sosha
sya
shu
syu
[sa][ʃi][su][ʃe][so][ʃa][ʃu]
Othersさしすしぇそしゃしゅ
Ryukyu Univ.し
すぃ
しぇ
せ
zzazizuzezo
[dza][dzi]
[dʐi]
[dzu][dze][dzo]
Othersざじずぜぞ
Ryukyu Univ.づぃず
づ
jjajijujejo
[dʒa][dʒi][dʒu][dʒe][dʒo]
Othersじゃじじゅじぇじょ
Ryukyu Univ.じゃ
ぢゃ
じ
ぢ
じゅ
ぢゅ
じぇ
ぢぇ
じょ
ぢょ
ttatituteto
[ta][ti][tu][te][to]
Othersたてぃとぅてと
New Okinawan
ddadidudedo
[da][di][du][de][do]
Othersだでぃどぅでど
New Okinawan
ch
c
cha
ca
chi
ci
chu
cu
che
ce
cho
co
[tʃa][tʃi][tʃu][tʃe][tʃo]
ちゃちちゅちぇちょ
tstsitsu
[tsi]
[tʂi]
[tsu]
Ryukyu Univ.つぃつ
nnaninunenonyanyu
[na][ɲi][nu][ne][no][ɲa][ɲu]
なにぬねのにゃにゅ
hhahifu
hu
hehohyahyuhyo
[ha][çi][ɸu][çe][ho][ça][çu][ço]
はひふへほひゃひゅひょ
bbabibubebobyabyubyo
[ba][bi][bu][be][bo][bja][bju][bjo]
ばびぶべぼびゃびゅびょ
ppapipupepopyapyu
[pa][pi][pu][pe][po][pja][pju]
ぱぴぷぺぽぴゃぴゅ
mmamimumemomyamyumyo
[ma][mi][mu][me][mo][mja][mju][mjo]
まみむめもみゃみゅみょ
rrarirurero
[ɾa][ɾi][ɾu][ɾe][ɾo]
らりるれろ
1: At the beginning of a word.
2: University of the Ryukyus system is an exception, always using ゐ, をぅ, え, を (ヰ, ヲゥ, エ, ヲ) for [i], [u], [e], [o], and い, う, いぇ, お (イ, ウ, イェ, オ) for [ʔi], [ʔu], [ʔe], [ʔo], respectively.

Gō-yōon (labialised syllables)

wawiwe
[ɰa][ɰi][ɰe]
Conventionalわうぃうぇ
Council
Ryukyu Univ.ゑぃゑ
New Okinawanゐ
''wa'wi'we
[ʔɰa][ʔɰi][ʔɰe]
Conventionalわうぃうぇ
Councilっわっうぃっうぇ
Ryukyu Univ.うゎうゐうぇ
New Okinawan
kkwa
qua
kwi
qui
kwe
que
[kʷa][kʷi][kʷe]
Conventionalくぁ
くゎ
くぃくぇ
Councilくゎ
Ryukyu Univ.くゐ
New Okinawan
ggwagwigwe
[ɡʷa][ɡʷi][ɡʷe]
Conventionalぐぁ
ぐゎ
ぐぃぐぇ
Councilぐゎ
Ryukyu Univ.ぐゐ
New Okinawan
hfa
hwa
fi
hwi
fe
hwe
[ɸa][ɸi][ɸe]
Conventionalふぁふぃふぇ
Council
Ryukyu Univ.ふゎ
New Okinawan

Others

n 345
んっー
''n
Conventionalん
Councilっん
Ryukyu Univ.
New Okinawan
3: Hatsuon (moraic n)
4: Sokuon (geminated consonants)
5: Chōon (longer vowels): In conventional usages, longer vowels are sometimes spelled like in mainland Japanese as well; "ou" (おう) for ō, doubled kana for others. (e.g. うう for ū.)

References

  1. "Okinawan, Central". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
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