Bunting (bird)

The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus Emberiza, the only genus in the family Emberizidae. They are seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills.

This article is about the bird genus Emberiza in the family Emberizidae or "Old World buntings". For bird genus Passerina or "New World buntings", see Passerina. For other uses, see Bunting.

Bunting
Cirl bunting (Emberiza cirlus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Emberizoidea
Family: Emberizidae
Vigors, 1831
Genus: Emberiza
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

45, see text

Synonyms
  • Onychospina Bonaparte, 1853
  • Onychospiza Rey, 1872 (unjustified emendation)

Taxonomy

The family Emberizidae was formerly much larger and included the species now placed in the Passerellidae (New World sparrows) and Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings). Molecular phylogenetic studies found that the large family consisted of distinct clades that were better treated as separate families.[1][2]

The genus Emberiza is now the only genus placed in the family Emberizidae.[3] The genus was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[4] The type species was subsequently designated as the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella).[5] The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz, a bunting.[6] The origin of the English "bunting" is unknown.[7]

A 2008 genetic study found that three emberizid species that were placed in their own monotypic genera clustered within the Emberiza. These were the crested bunting (Melophus lathami), the slaty bunting (Latouchiornis siemsseni), and the corn bunting (Miliaria calandra).[8] All three species are now included in the genus Emberiza.[3]

A large DNA-based study of the passerines published in 2019 found that the buntings are most closely related to the longspurs and snow buntings in the family Calcariidae.[9]

Ornithologists Edward Dickinson and Leslie Christidis in the fourth edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World chose to split up Emberiza and recognise the genera Fringillaria, Melophus, Granativora, Emberiza, and Schoeniclus.[10] Their example has not been followed by the online version of the Handbook of the Birds of the World[11] nor by Frank Gill and David Donsker in the list of world birds that they maintain on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.[3] The British Ornithologists' Union has argued that splitting the genus provides little benefit and destabilizes the nomenclature.[12]

Species in the New World genus Passerina include the word "bunting" in their common names, but are now classed in the family Cardinalidae.[13]

The family is divided into four major clades. The species in Clade I are mainly African while those in Clades II to IV are Palearctic:[14]

Emberizidae
Clade I
 
 

Cabanis's bunting – Emberiza cabanis

 
 
 

Golden-breasted bunting – Emberiza faviventris

 
 

Somali bunting – Emberiza polioplura

 
 
 
 
 

Cape bunting – Emberiza capensis

 
 
 

Lark-like bunting – Emberiza impetuani

 
 
 

Socotra bunting – Emberiza socotrana

 
 
 
 

Gosling's bunting – Emberiza goslingi

 
 

Cinnamon-breasted bunting – Emberiza tahapisi

 
 
 
 

Striolated bunting – Emberiza striolata

 
 

House bunting – Emberiza sahari

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Clade II
 
 

Yellow-throated bunting – Emberiza elegans

 
 

Slaty bunting – Emberiza siemsseni

 
 
 
 
 

Japanese reed bunting – Emberiza yessonsis

 
 
 

Common reed bunting – Emberiza schoenicus

 
 

Pallas's bunting – Emberiza pallasi

 
 
 
 
 
 

Yellow-browed bunting – Emberiza chrysophrys

 
 
 

Grey bunting – Emberiza variabilis

 
 

Tristram's bunting – Emberiza tristrami

 
 
 
 
 
 

Chestnut bunting – Emberiza rutila

 
 

Yellow-breasted bunting – Emberiza aureola

 
 
 
 
 

Little bunting – Emberiza pusilla

 
 

Rustic bunting – Emberiza rustica

 
 
 
 

Yellow bunting – Emberiza sulphurata

 
 

Black-faced bunting – Emberiza spodocephala

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Clade III
 

Crested bunting – Emberiza lathami

 
 
 

Black-headed bunting – Emberiza melanocephala

 
 

Red-headed bunting – Emberiza bruniceps

 
 
 
Clade IV
 

Corn bunting – Emberiza calandra

 
 
 

Chestnut-eared bunting – Emberiza fucata

 
 
 

Tibetan bunting – Emberiza koslowi

 
 
 
 

Jankowski's bunting – Emberiza jankowskii

 
 
 

Meadow bunting – Emberiza cioides

 
 
 

Rock bunting – Emberiza cia

 
 

Godlewski's bunting – Emberiza godlewskii

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cirl bunting – Emberiza cirlus

 
 
 

White-capped bunting – Emberiza stewarti

 
 
 

Pine bunting – Emberiza leucocephalos

 
 

Yellowhammer – Emberiza citrinella

 
 
 
 
 
 

Grey-necked bunting – Emberiza buchanani

 
 
 

Cinereous bunting – Emberiza cineracea

 
 
 

Cretzschmar's bunting – Emberiza caesia

 
 

Ortolan bunting – Emberiza hortulana

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The above cladogram is based on a study published in 2021. The phylogenetic relationships of two African species, the brown-rumped bunting (Emberiza affinis) and Vincent's bunting (Emberiza vincenti), were not determined in the study.[14]

List of species

The genus contains 45 species.[3]

Extinct species have been described:[15]

  • † Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri) (prehistoric)
  • † Emberiza shaamarica (Late Pliocene of Central Asia)[16]
  • † Emberiza polgardiensis (Upper Miocene of Hungary)
  • † Emberiza media (Pliocene of Hungary)
  • † Emberiza parva (Pliocene of Hungary)
  • †Emberiza gaspariskii (Pliocene of Hungary)
  • †Emberiza bartoki (Middle Miocene of Hungary) (Nomen dubium) [16]

Emberiza pannonica from the upper Miocene of Hungary is also referred to this genus, but was later found to be a member of Muscicapidae.[16]

References
  1. Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.
  2. Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". Auk. 132 (2): 333–346. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.
  3. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Buntings". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  4. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 176.
  5. Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 5.
  6. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. "Bunting". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  8. Alström, P.; Olsson, U.; Lei, F.; Wang, H.; Gao, W.; Sundberg, P. (2008). "Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 960–973. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007. PMID 18411062.
  9. Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
  10. Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 353–357. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
  11. del Hoyo, Joseph (ed.). "Taxonomic structure and notes: Emberizidae". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  12. Sangster, G.; et al. (2016). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: 11th report". Ibis. 158 (1): 206–212. doi:10.1111/ibi.12322.
  13. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  14. Cai, T.; Wu, G.; Sun, L.; Zhang, Y.; Peng, Z.; Guo, Y.; Liu, X.; Pan, T.; Chang, J.; Sun, Z.; Zhang, B. (2021). "Biogeography and diversification of Old World buntings (Aves: Emberizidae): radiation in open habitats". Journal of Avian Biology. 52 (6). doi:10.1111/jav.02672. S2CID 236608560.
  15. Rando, J. C.; Lopez, M.; Segui, B. (1999). "A new species of extinct flightless passerine" (PDF). The Condor. 101 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/1370440. JSTOR 1370440.
  16. Palastrova, E.S; Zelenkov, N. (2020). "A Fossil Bunting Emberiza shaamarica (Aves, Emberizidae) from the Upper Pliocene of Central Asia". Paleontological Journal. 54 (6): 96–104. doi:10.1134/S0031030120060076.

Further reading

Buntings and Sparrows - A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows by Urban Olsson and Jon Curson, illustrated by Clive Byers (1995) ISBN 1-873403-19-4

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